A 2025 study directly challenged this in -cells, finding that cAMP/PKA/ERK signaling is diffusely distributed across the cell regardless of internalization kinetics, and that fast-internalizing agonists are paradoxically less efficient drivers of insulin secretion from perfused rat pancreata (Chen et al., 2025)
Secondary objectives were change from baseline to week 3 for tirzepatide versus placebo in fasting and postprandial appetite VAS ratings, FCI, FCQ-S, Eating Inventory, PFS questionnaire ratings and BOLD activation to photos of Food HiPal (Food HiF/HiS and Food HiF/HiC ) relative to non-food during the fasting state in the prespecified principal reward ROIs
The lowest values of total glutathione were recorded during spring and autumn, which could be correlated with the increase in lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress
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Running continuously past 12 weeks with no break
95% CI, 1.5-4.09) compared with those treated with non-GLP-1 RA medications